When we talk about the different 5-axis CNC machines available, we are referring to milling machines, as milling is the operation that benefits most from this technology.
This is due to the endless possibilities offered by the five axes combined with the perfect precision guaranteed by numerical control. These machines ensure highly efficient work on parts of many shapes and sizes.
It is worth noting that “5-axis” refers to the number of directions in which the cutting tool can move. The linear axes are X, Y and Z, combined with the rotary axes A and B, from which the workpiece is reached. In other words, parts can be machined from five different sides in a single set-up. For this reason, five-axis metal-cutting technology is technically complex.
Work cycles of 5-axis CNC machines
This type of machining is divided into two different work cycles, classified according to how the axes move:3+2 cycle
In this work cycle the fourth and fifth axes do not move, except when changing from one operation to another. The X, Y and Z axes, on the other hand, move simultaneously.Simultaneous five-axis cycle
This work cycle reduces machining times because all the axes move simultaneously. As a result, the part is finished more precisely.How 5-axis CNC machining works
Five-axis CNC machining requires not only the numerical control software to work, but also CAM programming software. This software is used to create a program that sets the parameters the machine will follow automatically to manufacture a part.These parameters include settings for speed, machining feed and the toolpaths the tools must follow. Once the CAM work is finished, the parameters are coded and sent to the machine, which can interpret them perfectly.
What are 5-axis CNC machines used for?
Five-axis CNC machines are mainly used for prototyping automotive parts, high-precision mould machining and the production of aerospace components.They are used in these fields because five axes increase productivity while improving the surface finish of the parts. In other words, they optimise machining operations.
Advantages of 5-axis CNC
The main advantages of these machines compared with other industrial machinery are as follows:- Complex parts can be produced in a single set-up, which speeds up production.
- Production costs are lower.
- Machine performance is higher, so part lead times are shorter.
- As there is no need to move the part between several different workstations, accuracy increases considerably.
- Only machines of this type make it possible to use small cutting tools at high speeds with low vibration.
- Overall, part quality and surface finishes are better.
Special features of 5-axis CNC
Five-axis CNC machinery also has some special features that set it apart from other machines. These are:Manual feed (jog)
This function allows the cutting tool or the part to be moved along a given axis. Manual feed can be used to machine cavities and then return to the original stop position, or for manual positioning. It is also very useful when small adjustments are needed.Tool centre point control
This function is used to ensure that the tool length is compensated in five-axis machining. It controls the direction of the tool centre point so that it adjusts precisely to the length the tool requires.It can be used with rotary tables or with rotary heads, provided they have five axes. Moreover, it is not limited to linear commands, as it can also be used with circular interpolation.