CNC, or computer numerical control, is a system that controls how a cutting tool machines a workpiece. The operator enters data relating to the machine's movements and the final design of the part on a control panel. The result is a far more accurate and precise finished part.
The computer controls every movement of the machine so that the work instructions are followed at all times. The speed and position of the tool during cutting are therefore always as precise and accurate as possible. Milling machines, lathes, grinding machines, stamping presses and many other machines all operate with CNC systems.
How a CNC system works
A CNC system works in much the same way across all industrial processes. First comes the design of the part. Once that is ready, the instructions are entered into the program via the CNC control panel. All the machine then has to do is execute each of these instructions to carry out the job.
The instructions are entered as a series of codes that refer to the movement of the machine's various axes. The first value corresponds to the X axis, the second to the Y axis and the third to the Z axis.
Milling machines and lathes are the most common machines using CNC systems. The numerical control is responsible for controlling the coordinates and movements of the machine. Its instructions also tell the machine the cutting speed and when to start and stop.
CNC machinery has enabled a great many companies and industrial sectors to carry out far more complex processes.
Why CNC has been so successful
CNC has completely transformed most industrial sectors. Computer numerical control has given a great many companies a series of fundamental advantages: it is a system that delivers higher productivity at lower cost.
- Greater precision. CNC enables companies to achieve greater precision and accuracy in their work. Computer-based design and control of operations make the whole process far more effective. Jobs are also completed sooner and always with a very low risk of error.
- High productivity. The speed of working with computer numerical control gives companies and industrial sectors higher productivity. Today's markets demand ever higher part output, and one of the keys to CNC's success is precisely its ability to meet this huge demand. In fact, a single operator can supervise several machine tools at once, and these can even keep running when the plant is closed.
- Great versatility and flexibility. CNC can be adapted to any type of machine tool. Whatever the job, computer numerical control can be integrated to make the process far more effective. It is also a highly versatile and flexible system that can be used in any industrial sector.
- Large-scale work. Depending on the type of machine tool, CNC makes it possible to carry out all kinds of complex work. The size of the part to be cut, milled or drilled does not matter. Some machines are specifically designed to handle the largest, heaviest and bulkiest parts easily and comfortably.
- Minimal risk of accidents. The operator only has to enter the data and execution instructions on the control panel. At no point does the operator need to handle the machine during the machining process. Unlike manual tools and machines, CNC therefore keeps the risk of accidents to a minimum. The operator simply supervises that everything is being executed according to the instructions given.
- Lower maintenance requirements.